Bone Health at Every Stage of Life
Please note that some people may require different dosages of these supplements. For example, people who live in areas with little sun, those with darker skin, and people who are obese may need more Vitamin D than the recommended daily amount. The upper safe limit for people older than 9 years of daily Vitamin D is 4000 IU, but talk to your doctor about the best dose for you. Also, be aware that taking calcium and Vitamin D at higher than recommended levels may cause adverse side effects.
For a
complete overview of calcium and Vitamin D Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDAs), as well as Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs), refer to "Calcium, Nutrition, and
Bone Health"
Birth to
Age 9
Calcium is an essential mineral for babies and young
children to ensure they are able to grow strong bones and teeth. Because our
bodies need Vitamin D to absorb calcium from our diets, getting enough Vitamin
D goes hand-in-hand with getting enough calcium. Young children who do not get
enough Vitamin D are at risk for rickets, a disease that can cause bone
weakness, bowed legs, and other skeletal deformities.
First year
According to the FNB,
infants, age birth to 6 months, need 200 milligrams (mg) of calcium each day,
and infants, ages 7 to 12 months, 260 mg. During this first year, both breast
milk and infant formula provide sufficient calcium.
The
FNB daily recommendation of Vitamin D for infants birth to 12 months is 400
International Units (IU). Although Vitamin D can be found in breast milk and
infant formula, it is not in sufficient amounts. The American Academy of
Pediatrics now recommends that babies take daily Vitamin D supplement drops,
unless they are drinking 32 oz. of infant formula each day.
Ages 1 to 3 years
The amount of calcium and
Vitamin D that a young child needs increases with age.
The
FNB recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for children ages 1 to 3 are 700 mg of
calcium and 600 IU of Vitamin D. Milk is one of the best sources of calcium for
children — plus a cup of milk is fortified with 100 IU of Vitamin D. Doctors
recommend whole milk for children between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Lowfat and
skim milk are good options after age 2.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
that all children take Vitamin D supplements.
Because
very few foods contain substantial levels of Vitamin D, the American Academy of
Pediatrics recommends that all children — from infancy through adolescence —
take Vitamin D supplements.
Ages 4 to 8 years
Children ages 4 through 8
need 1,000 mg of calcium each day, or the equivalent of about two cups of
yogurt and one glass of milk.
The
FNB recommends 600 IU of Vitamin D for everyone from age 1 through 70 years.
Recent research, however, supports that the body needs at least 1000 IU per day
for good bone health, starting at age 5 years. Taking a Vitamin D supplement is
the most effective way for your child to get 1000 IU of Vitamin D every day.
Between 10
and 20 Years of Age
This is the stage of life when peak bone mass is
established.
Puberty is a very important time in the
development of the skeleton and peak bone mass. Half of total body calcium
stores in women and up to 2/3 of calcium stores in men are made during puberty.
At the end of puberty, men have about 50% more body calcium than women.
On
average, girls begin puberty at age 10 and start having menstrual periods about
age 12. Having a regular period is important to girls' and women's bone health
because it indicates that sufficient estrogen is being produced. Estrogen is a
hormone that improves calcium absorption in the kidneys and intestines.
Adolescents grow rapidly and need 1,300 mg of calcium
each day for the best possiblle development of the skeleton.
The
average girl grows the fastest in height between the ages of 11 and 12 years,
and stops growing between the ages of 14 and 15 years. About 95% of a young
woman's peak bone mass is present by age 20, and some overall gains in mass
often continue until age 30.
The
average boy has his fastest rate of growth in height between ages 13 and 14,
and stops growing between ages 17 and 18. Peak bone mass occurs 9 to 12 months
after the peak rate in height growth.
Early
or late onset of puberty affects peak bone mass. Boys with late puberty
generally have less bone mass for life than those who start puberty at the
typical time, about age 11 1/2. Obesity delays the start of puberty in boys
and, therefore, may have a negative effect on peak bone mass.
Obesity
in girls, however, accelerates the onset of puberty. The effect that obesity
and early puberty have on the peak bone mass is variable in girls.
Many
adolescents and young adults do not get enough calcium. Both boys and girls age
10 to 20 years need at least 1,300 mg of calcium each day, the equivalent of:
·
One
cup of orange juice with added calcium
·
Two
cups of milk
·
One
cup of yogurt
Other dairy products, green leafy vegetables, fish, and
tofu are also good sources of calcium.
A
Vitamin D supplement is necessary to ensure the calcium that adolescents do
take in is absorbed in the intestines. Sodas and carbonated beverages should be
avoided for many nutritional reasons, including for bone health and to prevent
obesity. Sodas decrease calcium absorption in the intestines and contain empty
calories. Milk, calcium-fortified juices, and water are better beverage
alternatives for all age groups.
Adolescent pregnancy
Like other adolescents,
young women who are pregnant and/or breastfeeding between the ages of 14 and 18
should have 1300 mg of calcium each day. The RDA for Vitamin D remains 600 IU, although
as mentioned above, recent research supports a daily dosage of 1000 IU for
better bone health.
Exercise
Weightbearing exercise
during the teen years is essential to reach maximum bone strength. Examples of
weightbearing exercise include walking and running, as well as team sports like
soccer and basketball.
Young
women who exercise excessively can lose enough weight to cause hormonal changes
that stop menstrual periods (amenorrhea). This loss of estrogen can cause bone
loss at a time when young women should be adding to their peak bone mass. It is
important to see a doctor if there have been any menstrual cycle changes or
interruptions.
Between 20
and 30 Years of Age
Although your body is no longer forming new bone as
readily as before, your bones will reach their peak strength during these
years. It is important to get adequate calcium and exercise to help achieve
peak bone density. Both men and women need at least 1,000 mg of calcium each
day, and probably a Vitamin D supplement because it is difficult to get 1000 IU
of Vitamin D even from a healthy diet.
To
promote good bone health, adults need at least 30 minutes of weightbearing
activity (such as a brisk walk), 4 or more days per week. Muscle-strengthening
activities at least two days of the week are also recommended.
Pregnancy and
breastfeeding.
The calcium requirement
for pregnant or breastfeeding women is the same for any adult in this age
range: 1,000 mg. Of course, getting the recommended calcium and Vitamin D daily
allowance is especially important when you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Without it, a growing baby in the womb may pull calcium out of the mother's
bones in order to build its own skeleton. A nursing baby also requires calcium,
and a mother can lose bone mass during the time she breastfeeds. In most cases,
once breastfeeding ends, a healthy diet and exercise will help a mother regain
any bone lost.
Between 30
and 50 Years of Age
After you reach your peak bone mass, you will begin to
gradually lose bone. All through your life, your body is continually removing
old bone and replacing it with fresh bone. This process is called remodeling.
Up until about age 40, all the bone removed is replaced. After age 40, however,
less bone is replaced. At this stage in life, getting enough exercise and
calcium (1,000 mg) and Vitamin D (1,000 IU) every day, are crucial to
minimizing bone loss. Exercise is also important for maintaining your muscle
mass, which preserves and strengthens surrounding bone and helps prevent falls.
Older Than
50 Years of Age
The daily calcium recommendation for men over 50 remains
the same at 1,000 mg. Many women over 50 are entering or have gone through
menopause, and the FNB recommends that women over 50 increase their daily
calcium intake to 1,200 mg.
Most
women enter menopause between the ages of 42 and 55. As the levels of estrogen
drop dramatically, women undergo rapid bone loss. In fact, in the 10 years
after menopause, women can lose 40% of their spongy, inner bone and 10% of
their hard, outer bone. This reduces bone strength and increases a woman's risk
for fracture. It also helps explain why osteoporosis is much more common in
women than in men (who do not experience this acute loss of hormone in middle
age).
In
the past, estrogen replacement therapy was frequently used to protect aging
women from bone loss. Research has since shown that there are significant risks
in taking estrogen long-term after menopause. These include increased risk of
serious blood clots, stroke, heart attack, breast and ovarian cancers, gall
bladder disease, and possibly dementia.
If
your period becomes irregular, or, if you develop signs of menopause, such as
hot flashes, talk with your doctor. You also may want to ask about bone density
testing. This is a safe, painless, x-ray technique that compares your current
bone density with the peak bone mass someone your same gender and ethnicity
should have reached at 20 to 25 years of age.
Age 70 and above.
Both men and women should get 1,200 mg of
calcium each day. The RDA for Vitamin D at this age is 800 IU.
After
they reach the age of 70, men are more likely to experience low bone mass and
fractures. Men over age 70 should discuss bone density testing with a doctor.
Fall
prevention becomes especially important for people over age 70. Falls are the
leading cause of injury to elderly people in the United States. Falls cause
many seniors to lose their independence, requiring a change in living
arrangements, such as moving to a nursing home or assisted living facility.
Fortunately, many falls can be prevented, and having strong bones can help
prevent fractures.
No
matter your age, adequate calcium intake and exercise can limit bone loss and
increase bone and muscle strength.
Source:
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet:
Calcium) ; Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (Dietary Reference Intakes for
Calcium and Vitamin D).
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